Laser inoreva maitiro uye chishandiso chekugadzira mwenje wechiedza wakasanganiswa, wakafanana, wakabatana kuburikidza nekuwedzera kwemwaranzi uye mhinduro inodiwa. Chaizvoizvo, kugadzirwa kwelaser kunoda zvinhu zvitatu: "resonator," "gain medium," uye "pombi."
A. Nheyo
Mamiriro ekufamba kweatomu anogona kukamurwa kuita mazinga akasiyana esimba, uye kana atomu ikachinja kubva padanho resimba rakawanda kuenda padanho resimba rakaderera, inoburitsa maphotoni esimba rinoenderana (anonzi mwaranzi inongoerekana yaitika). Saizvozvowo, kana photon ikaerekana yaitika pahurongwa hwesimba uye ikatorwa nayo, ichaita kuti atomu ichinje kubva padanho resimba rakaderera kuenda padanho resimba rakakwirira (anonzi kunyudzwa kwakawedzerwa); Zvadaro, mamwe maatomu anochinja kuenda kumazinga esimba akakwira achachinja kuenda kumazinga esimba akaderera uye anoburitsa maphotoni (anonzi mwaranzi inosimudzirwa). Kufamba uku hakuitiki kuri kwega, asi kazhinji panguva imwe chete. Patinogadzira mamiriro ezvinhu, akadai sekushandisa nzira yakakodzera, resonator, simba remagetsi rekunze rakakwana, mwaranzi inosimudzirwa inowedzerwa kuitira kuti kupfuura kunyudzwa kwakawedzerwa, ipapo kazhinji, pachava nemaphotoni anoburitswa, zvichikonzera chiedza chelaser.
B. Kupatsanura
Zvichienderana nechinhu chinogadzira laser, laser inogona kukamurwa kuita liquid laser, gas laser uye solid laser. Iye zvino semiconductor laser inonyanya kushandiswa imhando ye solid-state laser.
C. Kuumbwa
Mazhinji emaLaser anoumbwa nezvikamu zvitatu: sisitimu yekukurudzira, zvinhu zvelaser uye resonator yemaziso. Masisitimu ekukurudzira zvishandiso zvinogadzira simba rechiedza, remagetsi kana remakemikari. Parizvino, nzira huru dzekukurudzira dzinoshandiswa ichiedza, magetsi kana reaction yemakemikari. Zvinhu zveLaser zvinhu zvinogona kugadzira chiedza chelaser, zvakaita serubhi, girazi reberyllium, gasi re neon, semiconductors, organic dyes, nezvimwewo. Basa rekutonga kwe optical resonance nderekuwedzera kupenya kwelaser inobuda, kugadzirisa uye kusarudza wavelength uye gwara relaser.
D. Kushandiswa
Laser inoshandiswa zvakanyanya, kunyanya kutaurirana nefiber, laser ranging, laser cutting, laser weapon, laser disc nezvimwewo.
E. Nhoroondo
Muna 1958, masayendisiti ekuAmerica Xiaoluo naTownes vakawana chiitiko chemashiripiti: pavanoisa chiedza chinoburitswa nebharubhu remukati pakristaro yepasi risingawanzoonekwi, mamorekuru ekristaro anoburitsa chiedza chakajeka, chinogara chiri pamwe chete. Zvichienderana nechiitiko ichi, vakapa pfungwa ye "laser principle", kureva kuti, kana chinhu chacho chikafadzwa nesimba rakafanana nefrequency yekutenderera kwemamorekuru acho, chinoburitsa chiedza ichi chakasimba chisingasiyani - laser. Vakawana mapepa akakosha eizvi.
Mushure mekuburitswa kwemhedzisiro yekutsvagisa kwaScolo naTownes, masayendisiti anobva kunyika dzakasiyana-siyana akakurudzira zvirongwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuyedza, asi hazvina kubudirira. Musi wa15 Chivabvu 1960, Mayman, musayendisiti wepaHughes Laboratory muCalifornia, akazivisa kuti akanga awana laser ine urefu hwema microns 0.6943, inova laser yekutanga yakawanikwa nevanhu, uye nokudaro Mayman akava musayendisiti wekutanga pasi rose kuisa lasers mumunda wekushanda.
Musi wa7 Chikunguru 1960, Mayman akazivisa kuzvarwa kwelaser yekutanga pasi rose, chirongwa chaMayman ndechekushandisa chubhu yeflash ine simba guru kukurudzira maatomu echromium mukristaro yeruby, nokudaro zvichigadzira mwenje mutsvuku wakasimba, kana ukapfurwa pane imwe nzvimbo, unogona kusvika patembiricha yakakwira kupfuura pamusoro pezuva.
Nyanzvi yesainzi yeSoviet H.Γ Basov akagadzira semiconductor laser muna 1960. Maumbirwo e semiconductor laser anowanzo kuve neP layer, N layer uye active layer zvinoumba double heterojunction. Hunhu hwayo ndehwekuti: saizi diki, high coupling efficiency, fast response speed, wavelength uye saizi inoenderana ne optical fiber size, inogona kugadziriswa zvakananga, kubatana kwakanaka.
Nhanhatu, mamwe emirairo mikuru yekushandisa laser
F. Kutaurirana neLaser
Kushandisa chiedza kuendesa ruzivo kwakajairika mazuva ano. Semuenzaniso, ngarava dzinoshandisa mwenje kutaurirana, uye mwenje yemumugwagwa inoshandisa tsvuku, yero, uye girini. Asi nzira dzese idzi dzekutumira ruzivo uchishandisa chiedza chakajairika dzinogona kungogumira padaro pfupi. Kana uchida kuendesa ruzivo zvakananga kunzvimbo dziri kure kuburikidza nechiedza, haugone kushandisa chiedza chakajairika, asi shandisa lasers chete.
Saka unoburitsa sei laser? Tinoziva kuti magetsi anogona kutakurwa newaya dzemhangura, asi chiedza hachigone kutakurwa newaya dzesimbi dzakajairika. Kuti izvi zviitike, masayendisiti akagadzira filament inogona kutakurwa nechiedza, inonzi optical fiber, inonzi fiber. Optical fiber yakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvegirazi zvakakosha, dhayamita yacho yakatetepa kupfuura bvudzi remunhu, kazhinji 50 kusvika 150 microns, uye yakapfava zvikuru.
Kutaura zvazviri, mukati mefaibha ine refractive index yakakwira yegirazi re optical transparent, uye refractive coating yekunze yakagadzirwa negirazi kana purasitiki ine refractive index yakaderera. Chimiro chakadaro, kune rumwe rutivi, chinogona kuita kuti chiedza chidzoke pamwe chete nepakati pepakati, sezvinoita mvura inoyerera mberi mupombi yemvura, magetsi anotumirwa mberi muwaya, kunyangwe zviuru zvekutenderera nekutenderera zvisina simba. Kune rumwe rutivi, refractive index coating yakaderera inogona kudzivirira chiedza kuti chisabude, sezvinoita pombi yemvura isinganyuri uye insulation layer yewaya isingafambise magetsi.
Kuonekwa kwefiber ye optical kunogadzirisa nzira yekutumira chiedza, asi hazvirevi kuti nayo, chero chiedza chinogona kutumirwa kure kwazvo. Kupenya kwakanyanya, ruvara rwakachena, laser yakanaka yekutungamira, ndiyo sosi yechiedza yakanakisisa yekutumira ruzivo, inopinzwa kubva kune rumwe rutivi rwefiber, hapana kurasikirwa uye kubuda kubva kune rumwe rutivi. Saka, kutaurirana kwe optical kunonyanya kutaurirana ne laser, iyo ine mabhenefiti ehukuru hwakakura, mhando yepamusoro, sosi yakakura yezvinhu, kuvanzika kwakasimba, kugara kwenguva refu, nezvimwewo, uye inorumbidzwa nesainzi sechinjo mumunda wekutaurirana, uye ndeimwe yebudiriro dzakanakisa mukuchinja kwetekinoroji.
Nguva yekutumira: Chikumi-29-2023