Laser inoreva maitiro uye chiridzwa chekugadzira collimated, monochromatic, coherent mwenje matanda kuburikidza nekukurudzira radiation amplification uye inodiwa mhinduro. Chaizvoizvo, kugadzirwa kwelaser kunoda zvinhu zvitatu: "resonator," "gain medium," uye "pombi sosi."
A. Musimboti
Mafambiro eatomu anogona kupatsanurwa kuita nhanho dzesimba dzakasiyana, uye apo atomu painoshanduka kubva padanho resimba repamusoro kuenda padanho resimba rakaderera, inoburitsa mafotoni esimba rinoenderana (anonzi anongoitika mwaranzi). Saizvozvowo, kana photon ikaitika pane imwe simba rehutano uye inobatwa nayo, ichaita kuti atomu ichinje kubva kune yakaderera simba kusvika kune yakakwirira simba (inonzi excited absorption); Zvadaro, mamwe maatomu kuti kuchinja kune yakakwirira simba mwero achachinja kuti yakaderera simba mwero uye emit photons (inonzi stimulated mwaranzi). Mafambiro aya haaitike ari ega, asi kazhinji anoenderana. Kana isu tichigadzira mamiriro, sekushandisa yakakodzera svikiro, resonator, yakakwana yekunze munda wemagetsi, iyo inokurudzirwa nemwaranzi inokwidziridzwa kuitira kuti kupfuura iyo inokurudzirwa kutora, ipapo kazhinji, pachava nemafotoni anoburitswa, zvichikonzera laser light.
B. Kuronga
Zvinoenderana nepakati inogadzira laser, iyo laser inogona kukamurwa kuita yemvura laser, gasi laser uye yakasimba laser. Iye zvino yakajairika semiconductor laser imhando yakasimba-state laser.
C. Maumbirwo
Mazhinji lasers anoumbwa nezvikamu zvitatu: excitation system, laser material uye optical resonator. Excitation systems midziyo inobudisa chiedza, magetsi kana kemikari simba. Parizvino, nzira huru yekukurudzira inoshandiswa ndeye chiedza, magetsi kana kemikari. Laser zvinhu zvinhu zvinogona kugadzira laser mwenje, senge rubies, beryllium girazi, neon gasi, semiconductors, organic dhayi, etc. Basa re optical resonance control nderekuwedzera kupenya kweinobuda laser, gadzirisa uye sarudza wavelength uye gwara. ye laser.
D. Kushandisa
Laser inoshandiswa zvakanyanya, kunyanya fiber kutaurirana, laser inotangira, laser yekucheka, laser zvombo, laser disc uye zvichingodaro.
E. Nhoroondo
Muna 1958, masayendisiti eAmerica Xiaoluo naTownes vakawana chiitiko chemashiripiti: pavakaisa chiedza chinobudiswa nechiedza chemukati chekristaro yepasi isingawanzoitiki, mamorekuru ekristaro anobudisa chiedza, nguva dzose pamwe chete chiedza chakasimba. Zvinoenderana nechiitiko ichi, vakaronga iyo "laser musimboti", ndiko kuti, kana chinhu chacho chichifadzwa nesimba rakafanana neakasikwa oscillation frequency yemamorekuru ayo, inoburitsa ichi chiedza chakasimba chisingasiyane - laser. Vakawana mapepa anokosha eizvi.
Mushure mekuburitswa kwetsvakiridzo yeScolo naTownes, masayendisiti kubva kunyika dzakasiyana-siyana akaronga zvirongwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuyedza, asi hazvina kubudirira. Musi waChivabvu 15, 1960, Mayman, sainzindi paHughes Laboratory muCalifornia, akazivisa kuti akange awana laser ine wavelength ye0.6943 microns, yaive yekutanga laser yakambowanikwa nevanhu, uye Mayman akazova musayendisiti wekutanga munyika. kuunza lasers mundima inoshanda.
Musi waChikunguru 7, 1960, Mayman akazivisa kuzvarwa kwelaser yekutanga yenyika, chirongwa chaMayman ndechekushandisa yakakwirira-yakasimba flash chubhu kukurudzira maatomu echromium mukristaro yeruby, nekudaro ichigadzira yakaomesesa yakaonda tsvuku mwenje column, painodzingwa. pane imwe nguva, inogona kusvika kune tembiricha yakakwira kupfuura pamusoro pezuva.
Musayendisiti weSoviet H.Γ Basov akagadzira semiconductor laser muna 1960. Chimiro che semiconductor laser chinowanzo umbwa neP layer, N layer uye inoshanda layer inoumba kaviri heterojunction. Hunhu hwayo ndeiyi: saizi diki, kukwirira kwekubatanidza kushanda, kukurumidza kupindura kukurumidza, wavelength uye saizi inokodzera nehukuru hwefiber optical, inogona kuve yakananga modulated, yakanaka kubatana.
Nhanhatu, mamwe emhando huru dzekushandisa kwelaser
F. Laser kutaurirana
Kushandisa chiedza kufambisa mashoko kwakajairika mazuva ano. Somuenzaniso, ngarava dzinoshandisa marambi pakukurukurirana, uye marambi anoshandisa tsvuku, yero, uye yegirini. Asi nzira dzese idzi dzekufambisa ruzivo uchishandisa mwenje wakajairwa dzinogona kungogumira kumadaro mapfupi. Kana iwe uchida kuendesa ruzivo zvakananga kunzvimbo dziri kure kuburikidza nechiedza, haugone kushandisa mwenje wakajairwa, asi shandisa lasers chete.
Saka unoendesa sei laser? Tinoziva kuti magetsi anogona kutakurwa achitevedza waya dzemhangura, asi chiedza hachigoni kutakurwa chichitevedza waya dzesimbiwo zvayo. Nechinangwa ichi, masayendisiti akagadzira filament inogona kutumira chiedza, inonzi optical fiber, inonzi faibha. Optical fiber inogadzirwa nemhando yegirazi zvinhu, iyo dhayamita yakatetepa kupfuura bvudzi remunhu, kazhinji 50 kusvika 150 microns, uye yakapfava kwazvo.
Muchokwadi, iyo yemukati musimboti wefiber ndeye yakakwira refractive index ye transparent optical girazi, uye iyo yekunze yekunze inogadzirwa neakaderera refractive index girazi kana plastiki. Chimiro chakadaro, kune rumwe rutivi, chinogona kuita kuti mwenje udzoke pamwe nepakati pepakati, semvura inoyerera ichienda mberi mupombi yemvura, magetsi anopfuudzwa mberi muwaya, kunyangwe zviuru zvekumonyoroka nekutendeuka zvisina zvazvinoita. Kune rumwe rutivi, pasi-refractive index coating inogona kudzivirira chiedza kubva pakubuda kunze, kungofanana nepombi yemvura isingasviki uye kuvhara kwetambo hakuiti magetsi.
Kuonekwa kwe optical fiber inogadzirisa nzira yekufambisa chiedza, asi hazvirevi kuti nayo, chero chiedza chinogona kuendeswa kure kure. Kupenya kwepamusoro chete, ruvara rwakachena, yakanaka inotungamira laser, ndiyo yakanyanya kunaka sosi yekufambisa ruzivo, inoiswa kubva kune imwe mugumo wefiber, inenge isina kurasikirwa uye kubuda kubva kune imwe mugumo. Naizvozvo, kutaurirana kwemaziso kunonyanya kutaurirana nelaser, iyo ine zvakanakira hukuru hukuru, mhando yepamusoro, yakafara sosi yezvishandiso, kuvanzika kwakasimba, kusimba, nezvimwe, uye inorumbidzwa nemasainzi seshanduko mumunda wekutaurirana, uye ndeimwe. yezvakabudirira zvikuru mushanduko yetekinoroji.
Nguva yekutumira: Jun-29-2023